IEDA / DECADE Detail

Data from the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution

Details for: Gamalama

Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that rises abruptly NW of the city of Ternate, the principal port of the renowned spice islands of northern Maluku. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit of Gamalama. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions from Gamalama, one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, have been recorded since the 16th century. Photo by Jack Lockwood, 1980 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Volcano Number:	268060
Volcano Name:	Gamalama
Country:	Indonesia
Volcano Type:	Stratovolcano(es)
Last Eruption:	2018 CE
Elevation:	1715m
Tectonic Setting:	Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)
Pop. within 5km:	103429
Pop. within 10km:	204820
Pop. within 30km:	308691
Pop. within 100km:	536972
Latitude:	0.8
Longitude:	127.33

Eruption Data from the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution

Volcano Number	Volcano Name	Eruption Number	Activity Type	Explosivity Index Max	Explosivity Index Modifier	Activity Area	Start Evidence Method	Start Date	End Date
268060	Gamalama	16490	Confirmed Eruption	3	^		Historical Observations	1538
268060	Gamalama	16597	Confirmed Eruption	3	^		Historical Observations	1510
268060	Gamalama	16598	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1561/12/31
268060	Gamalama	16599	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1605
268060	Gamalama	16600	Confirmed Eruption	3			Historical Observations	1608/7/18	1608/7/19
268060	Gamalama	16601	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1635/3/29
268060	Gamalama	16602	Uncertain Eruption	2	?			1643/6/15
268060	Gamalama	16603	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1648/6/15	1648/6/18
268060	Gamalama	16604	Confirmed Eruption	3	^		Historical Observations	1653/12/31
268060	Gamalama	16605	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1659
268060	Gamalama	16607	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1676/12/31
268060	Gamalama	16608	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1686	1686/10/13
268060	Gamalama	16609	Confirmed Eruption	3	^		Historical Observations	1687/5/10	1687/5/11
268060	Gamalama	16610	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1737/3/10	1737/3/13
268060	Gamalama	16611	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1739
268060	Gamalama	16612	Confirmed Eruption	2		North flank	Historical Observations	1763
268060	Gamalama	16613	Confirmed Eruption	3			Historical Observations	1770/7/6	1770/12/9
268060	Gamalama	16614	Confirmed Eruption	3			Historical Observations	1771/8/28	1772/10/9
268060	Gamalama	16615	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1773/2/2	1773/2/7
268060	Gamalama	16616	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1773/10/21	1774/1/22
268060	Gamalama	16617	Confirmed Eruption	3		Summit and NW flank (100 m)	Historical Observations	1775/8/20	1775/11/6
268060	Gamalama	16618	Uncertain Eruption					1781
268060	Gamalama	16619	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1811/2/1	1811
268060	Gamalama	16620	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1812/9/7	1812/9/7
268060	Gamalama	16621	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1814/11/27	1814/11/28
268060	Gamalama	16623	Uncertain Eruption	1				1821/8/22
268060	Gamalama	16624	Uncertain Eruption					1830
268060	Gamalama	16625	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1831/5/27	1831/6/27
268060	Gamalama	16626	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1833/6/15
268060	Gamalama	16627	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1835/1/4
268060	Gamalama	16628	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1838/2/26	1838
268060	Gamalama	16629	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1839/1/29	1839/3/26
268060	Gamalama	16630	Confirmed Eruption	3			Historical Observations	1840/2/2	1840/9/29
268060	Gamalama	16631	Uncertain Eruption	1				1841/3/30	1841/11/20
268060	Gamalama	16632	Confirmed Eruption	1			Historical Observations	1842/10/6	1842/12/31
268060	Gamalama	16633	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1843/4/10	1843/5/27
268060	Gamalama	16634	Uncertain Eruption	1				1844/3/24	1844/11/14
268060	Gamalama	16635	Uncertain Eruption	1				1845/4/23	1845/9/3
268060	Gamalama	16636	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1846/5/19	1846/5/19
268060	Gamalama	16637	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1847/2/7	1847/2/7
268060	Gamalama	16639	Confirmed Eruption				Historical Observations	1847/9/7	1847/9/7
268060	Gamalama	16640	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1849/11/27	1850/11/19
268060	Gamalama	16641	Uncertain Eruption	1				1858	1859
268060	Gamalama	16642	Uncertain Eruption	1				1860
268060	Gamalama	16643	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1862/7/15	1862
268060	Gamalama	16644	Uncertain Eruption	2				1863/5/1	1863
268060	Gamalama	16645	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1864/1/20	1864/2/17
268060	Gamalama	16646	Uncertain Eruption	1				1864/6/4	1864/6/25
268060	Gamalama	16647	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1864/12/27	1865/1/2
268060	Gamalama	16648	Confirmed Eruption	1			Historical Observations	1868/3/13	1868/3/13
268060	Gamalama	16649	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1868/11/13	1869/2/10
268060	Gamalama	16651	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1871/8/7	1871/9/25
268060	Gamalama	16652	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1884	1884
268060	Gamalama	16653	Uncertain Eruption	1				1884/12/8	1884/12/9
268060	Gamalama	16654	Confirmed Eruption	1			Historical Observations	1895/12/19	1895/12/19
268060	Gamalama	16655	Uncertain Eruption	1				1896/8/3	1896/8/4
268060	Gamalama	16656	Confirmed Eruption	1			Historical Observations	1897/9/7	1897/9/24
268060	Gamalama	16657	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1898/5/14	1898/5/28
268060	Gamalama	16658	Uncertain Eruption	1				1900	1900/6/4
268060	Gamalama	16659	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1907/11/17	1907/11/20
268060	Gamalama	16660	Confirmed Eruption	1			Historical Observations	1911/9/2	1911/9/6
268060	Gamalama	16661	Confirmed Eruption	1			Historical Observations	1918	1918/9/4
268060	Gamalama	16662	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1923/4/13	1923/5/6
268060	Gamalama	16663	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1932/11/10	1932/11/13
268060	Gamalama	16664	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1933/11/12
268060	Gamalama	16665	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1938/9/8	1938/9/8
268060	Gamalama	16666	Confirmed Eruption	2		East flank	Historical Observations	1962/12/31	1963/1/2
268060	Gamalama	16667	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1980/9/4	1980/9/23
268060	Gamalama	16668	Confirmed Eruption	3			Historical Observations	1983/8/9	1983/8/12
268060	Gamalama	16669	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1988/2/12	1988/3/16
268060	Gamalama	16670	Confirmed Eruption	3	?		Historical Observations	1990/4/25	1990/4/26
268060	Gamalama	16671	Uncertain Eruption	1	?			1991/6/15	1991/6/15
268060	Gamalama	16672	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1993/5/6	1993/5/21
268060	Gamalama	16673	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	1994/1/16	1994/10/15
268060	Gamalama	16674	Confirmed Eruption	2	?		Historical Observations	1996/7/2
268060	Gamalama	16675	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	2003/7/31	2003/10/2
268060	Gamalama	16676	Uncertain Eruption	1	?			2007/8/23
268060	Gamalama	16677	Uncertain Eruption	1				2008/5/10
268060	Gamalama	20765	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	2011/12/5	2011/12/23
268060	Gamalama	20766	Confirmed Eruption	1		Summit crater	Historical Observations	2012/9/15	2012/9/17
268060	Gamalama	20989	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	2014/12/18	2014/12/25
268060	Gamalama	21087	Confirmed Eruption	2			Historical Observations	2015/7/16	2015/9/8
268060	Gamalama	22150	Confirmed Eruption	1			Historical Observations	2016/8/3	2016/8/4
268060	Gamalama	22295	Confirmed Eruption	1			Historical Observations	2018/10/4	2018/10/6

Emissions Data from the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution

Emission ID	SO2 Kilotons	Start Date	End Date
155	5	2003/07/31	2003/07/31
156	8	2011/12/04	2011/12/04

Data from the Earthchem Library

Title	Author	Release Date	DOI	Link
The emissions of CO2 and other volatiles from the world’s subaerial volcanoes The emissions of CO2 and other volatiles from the world’s subaerial volcanoes	Fischer, Tobias	2020-11-21	10.1594/IEDA/111445	Details
Compilation of whole rock geochemistry and petrography of samples from the Halmahera islands, Indonesia	Gill, James	2020-03-05	10.26022/IEDA/111502	Details

Data from the Earthchem Portal

Sample ID	LINK	Method	Material	Rock Class	Rock Name	SiO₂ WT%	TiO₂ WT%	Al₂O₃ WT%	FeO Total WT%	MgO WT%	CaO WT%	Na₂O WT%	K₂O WT%	P₂O₅ WT%	Total WT%	Ba PPM	Cr PPM	Cs PPM	Cu PPM	Nb PPM	Ni PPM	Rb PPM	Sr PPM	V PPM	Y PPM	Zn PPM	Zr PPM	⁸⁷Sr / ⁸⁶Sr RATIO	²⁰⁶Pb / ²⁰⁴Pb RATIO	²⁰⁷Pb / ²⁰⁴Pb RATIO	²⁰⁸Pb / ²⁰⁴Pb RATIO
T1	DETAILS	MS_ID	Rock	Igneous Unknown Volcanic	Not-given								2.22		2.22	415.6		3.94				57.38	384.2
T1	DETAILS	XRF	Rock	Igneous Unknown Volcanic	Not-given												5		52.8	4.9	4			113	41.8	76.5	169.4
T1	DETAILS	EMP (EPMA)	Rock	Igneous Unknown Volcanic	Not-given	61.65	0.93	16.69	6.88	2.04	5.13	4.08		0.22	97.62
T1	DETAILS	MS	Rock	Igneous Unknown Volcanic	Not-given																							0.70424	18.61	15.62	38.68

Data from the SESAR Database

Sorry. No data exist for this volcano in the SESAR database.

Data from the MaGa Database

Sorry. No data exist for this volcano in the MaGa database.