EarthChem Home
Decade Home
About EarthChem
Overview
News
About DECADE
Help
Data from the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution
Details for: Gamalama
Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that rises abruptly NW of the city of Ternate, the principal port of the renowned spice islands of northern Maluku. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit of Gamalama. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions from Gamalama, one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, have been recorded since the 16th century. Photo by Jack Lockwood, 1980 (U.S. Geological Survey).
Volcano Number:
268060
Volcano Name:
Gamalama
Country:
Indonesia
Volcano Type:
Stratovolcano(es)
Last Eruption:
2018 CE
Elevation:
1715m
Tectonic Setting:
Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)
Pop. within 5km:
103429
Pop. within 10km:
204820
Pop. within 30km:
308691
Pop. within 100km:
536972
Latitude:
0.8
Longitude:
127.33
Details
Download XLS
Eruption Data from the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution
Show 84 Results
Hide Results
Volcano Number
Volcano Name
Eruption Number
Activity Type
Explosivity Index Max
Explosivity Index Modifier
Activity Area
Activity Unit
Start Evidence Method
Start Date
End Date
268060
Gamalama
16490
Confirmed Eruption
3
^
Historical Observations
1538
268060
Gamalama
16597
Confirmed Eruption
3
^
Historical Observations
1510
268060
Gamalama
16598
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1561/12/31
268060
Gamalama
16599
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1605
268060
Gamalama
16600
Confirmed Eruption
3
Historical Observations
1608/7/18
1608/7/19
268060
Gamalama
16601
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1635/3/29
268060
Gamalama
16602
Uncertain Eruption
2
?
1643/6/15
268060
Gamalama
16603
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1648/6/15
1648/6/18
268060
Gamalama
16604
Confirmed Eruption
3
^
Historical Observations
1653/12/31
268060
Gamalama
16605
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1659
268060
Gamalama
16607
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1676/12/31
268060
Gamalama
16608
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1686
1686/10/13
268060
Gamalama
16609
Confirmed Eruption
3
^
Historical Observations
1687/5/10
1687/5/11
268060
Gamalama
16610
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1737/3/10
1737/3/13
268060
Gamalama
16611
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1739
268060
Gamalama
16612
Confirmed Eruption
2
North flank
Historical Observations
1763
268060
Gamalama
16613
Confirmed Eruption
3
Historical Observations
1770/7/6
1770/12/9
268060
Gamalama
16614
Confirmed Eruption
3
Historical Observations
1771/8/28
1772/10/9
268060
Gamalama
16615
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1773/2/2
1773/2/7
268060
Gamalama
16616
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1773/10/21
1774/1/22
268060
Gamalama
16617
Confirmed Eruption
3
Summit and NW flank (100 m)
Historical Observations
1775/8/20
1775/11/6
268060
Gamalama
16618
Uncertain Eruption
1781
268060
Gamalama
16619
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1811/2/1
1811
268060
Gamalama
16620
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1812/9/7
1812/9/7
268060
Gamalama
16621
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1814/11/27
1814/11/28
268060
Gamalama
16623
Uncertain Eruption
1
1821/8/22
268060
Gamalama
16624
Uncertain Eruption
1830
268060
Gamalama
16625
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1831/5/27
1831/6/27
268060
Gamalama
16626
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1833/6/15
268060
Gamalama
16627
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1835/1/4
268060
Gamalama
16628
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1838/2/26
1838
268060
Gamalama
16629
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1839/1/29
1839/3/26
268060
Gamalama
16630
Confirmed Eruption
3
Historical Observations
1840/2/2
1840/9/29
268060
Gamalama
16631
Uncertain Eruption
1
1841/3/30
1841/11/20
268060
Gamalama
16632
Confirmed Eruption
1
Historical Observations
1842/10/6
1842/12/31
268060
Gamalama
16633
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1843/4/10
1843/5/27
268060
Gamalama
16634
Uncertain Eruption
1
1844/3/24
1844/11/14
268060
Gamalama
16635
Uncertain Eruption
1
1845/4/23
1845/9/3
268060
Gamalama
16636
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1846/5/19
1846/5/19
268060
Gamalama
16637
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1847/2/7
1847/2/7
268060
Gamalama
16639
Confirmed Eruption
Historical Observations
1847/9/7
1847/9/7
268060
Gamalama
16640
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1849/11/27
1850/11/19
268060
Gamalama
16641
Uncertain Eruption
1
1858
1859
268060
Gamalama
16642
Uncertain Eruption
1
1860
268060
Gamalama
16643
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1862/7/15
1862
268060
Gamalama
16644
Uncertain Eruption
2
1863/5/1
1863
268060
Gamalama
16645
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1864/1/20
1864/2/17
268060
Gamalama
16646
Uncertain Eruption
1
1864/6/4
1864/6/25
268060
Gamalama
16647
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1864/12/27
1865/1/2
268060
Gamalama
16648
Confirmed Eruption
1
Historical Observations
1868/3/13
1868/3/13
268060
Gamalama
16649
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1868/11/13
1869/2/10
268060
Gamalama
16651
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1871/8/7
1871/9/25
268060
Gamalama
16652
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1884
1884
268060
Gamalama
16653
Uncertain Eruption
1
1884/12/8
1884/12/9
268060
Gamalama
16654
Confirmed Eruption
1
Historical Observations
1895/12/19
1895/12/19
268060
Gamalama
16655
Uncertain Eruption
1
1896/8/3
1896/8/4
268060
Gamalama
16656
Confirmed Eruption
1
Historical Observations
1897/9/7
1897/9/24
268060
Gamalama
16657
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1898/5/14
1898/5/28
268060
Gamalama
16658
Uncertain Eruption
1
1900
1900/6/4
268060
Gamalama
16659
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1907/11/17
1907/11/20
268060
Gamalama
16660
Confirmed Eruption
1
Historical Observations
1911/9/2
1911/9/6
268060
Gamalama
16661
Confirmed Eruption
1
Historical Observations
1918
1918/9/4
268060
Gamalama
16662
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1923/4/13
1923/5/6
268060
Gamalama
16663
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1932/11/10
1932/11/13
268060
Gamalama
16664
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1933/11/12
268060
Gamalama
16665
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1938/9/8
1938/9/8
268060
Gamalama
16666
Confirmed Eruption
2
East flank
Historical Observations
1962/12/31
1963/1/2
268060
Gamalama
16667
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1980/9/4
1980/9/23
268060
Gamalama
16668
Confirmed Eruption
3
Historical Observations
1983/8/9
1983/8/12
268060
Gamalama
16669
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1988/2/12
1988/3/16
268060
Gamalama
16670
Confirmed Eruption
3
?
Historical Observations
1990/4/25
1990/4/26
268060
Gamalama
16671
Uncertain Eruption
1
?
1991/6/15
1991/6/15
268060
Gamalama
16672
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1993/5/6
1993/5/21
268060
Gamalama
16673
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
1994/1/16
1994/10/15
268060
Gamalama
16674
Confirmed Eruption
2
?
Historical Observations
1996/7/2
268060
Gamalama
16675
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
2003/7/31
2003/10/2
268060
Gamalama
16676
Uncertain Eruption
1
?
2007/8/23
268060
Gamalama
16677
Uncertain Eruption
1
2008/5/10
268060
Gamalama
20765
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
2011/12/5
2011/12/23
268060
Gamalama
20766
Confirmed Eruption
1
Summit crater
Historical Observations
2012/9/15
2012/9/17
268060
Gamalama
20989
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
2014/12/18
2014/12/25
268060
Gamalama
21087
Confirmed Eruption
2
Historical Observations
2015/7/16
2015/9/8
268060
Gamalama
22150
Confirmed Eruption
1
Historical Observations
2016/8/3
2016/8/4
268060
Gamalama
22295
Confirmed Eruption
1
Historical Observations
2018/10/4
2018/10/6
Emissions Data from the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution
Show 2 Results
Hide Results
Emission ID
SO2 Kilotons
Start Date
End Date
155
5
2003/07/31
2003/07/31
156
8
2011/12/04
2011/12/04
Abstract
X
Abstract text goes here
Data from the Earthchem Library
Show 2 Results
Hide Results
Title
Author
Release Date
DOI
Link
The emissions of CO2 and other volatiles from the world’s subaerial volcanoes The emissions of CO2 and other volatiles from the world’s subaerial volcanoes
Fischer, Tobias
2020-11-21
10.1594/IEDA/111445
Details
Compilation of whole rock geochemistry and petrography of samples from the Halmahera islands, Indonesia
Gill, James
2020-03-05
10.26022/IEDA/111502
Details
Data from the Earthchem Portal
Show 4 Results
Hide Results
Sample ID
LINK
Source
DB
Method
Material
Rock Class
Rock Name
SiO
2
WT%
TiO
2
WT%
Al
2
O
3
WT%
Fe
2
O
3
WT%
Fe
2
O
3
Total
WT%
FeO
WT%
FeO Total
WT%
MnO
WT%
MgO
WT%
CaO
WT%
Na
2
O
WT%
K
2
O
WT%
P
2
O
5
WT%
LOI
WT%
H
2
O
WT%
Total
WT%
Ag
PPM
As
PPM
Ba
PPM
Be
PPM
Bi
PPM
Co
PPM
Cr
PPM
Cs
PPM
Cu
PPM
Dy
PPM
Ga
PPM
ge
PPM
In
PPM
Mo
PPM
Nb
PPM
Ni
PPM
Pb
PPM
Rb
PPM
Sb
PPM
Sc
PPM
Sn
PPM
Sr
PPM
Ti
PPM
U
PPM
V
PPM
W
PPM
Y
PPM
Zn
PPM
Zr
PPM
87
Sr /
86
Sr
RATIO
87
Rb /
86
Sr
RATIO
143
Nd /
144
Nd
RATIO
147
Sm /
144
Nd
RATIO
E Nd
RATIO
206
Pb /
204
Pb
RATIO
207
Pb /
204
Pb
RATIO
208
Pb /
204
Pb
RATIO
208
Pb /
206
Pb
RATIO
176
Hf /
177
Hf
RATIO
176
Lu /
177
Hf
RATIO
187
Re /
188
Os
RATIO
187
Re /
186
Os
RATIO
187
Os /
188
Os
RATIO
187
Os /
186
Os
RATIO
186
Os /
188
Os
RATIO
184
Os /
188
Os
RATIO
10
Be / Be
RATIO
10
Be /
9
Be
RATIO
206
Pb /
207
Pb
RATIO
T1
DETAILS
MS_ID
Rock
Igneous Unknown Volcanic
Not-given
2.22
2.22
415.6
3.94
57.38
384.2
T1
DETAILS
XRF
Rock
Igneous Unknown Volcanic
Not-given
5
52.8
4.9
4
113
41.8
76.5
169.4
T1
DETAILS
EMP (EPMA)
Rock
Igneous Unknown Volcanic
Not-given
61.65
0.93
16.69
6.88
2.04
5.13
4.08
0.22
97.62
T1
DETAILS
MS
Rock
Igneous Unknown Volcanic
Not-given
0.70424
18.61
15.62
38.68
Data from the SESAR Database
Sorry. No data exist for this volcano in the SESAR database.
Data from the MaGa Database
Sorry. No data exist for this volcano in the MaGa database.
Data from UNAVCO
Sorry. No data exist for this volcano in the UNAVCO database.
Data from USIEI
Sorry. This volcano is not covered by any USIEI projects.
Hide Results
Project Name
Data Type
Project Status
Collection Date
Metadata Link
Data Acecss Detail
Notes
Data from IRIS FDSNWS
Show 34 Results
Hide Results
Event ID
Time
Latitude
Longitude
Depth/km
Author
Catalog
Contributor
Contributor ID
Mag Type
Magnitude
Mag Author
Event Location Name
10153328
2017-04-18T14:47:31
0.8355
127.4065
18.21
us
NEIC PDE
us
us10008n35
mb
4.0
us
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
5169271
2015-11-21T02:59:36
0.7895
127.3038
9.66
us
NEIC PDE
us
us1000417n
mb
4.2
us
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
5165823
2015-11-21T02:35:57
0.8917
127.3361
10.0
us
NEIC PDE
us
us1000401b
mb
4.7
us
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
5169194
2015-11-20T04:46:47
0.7784
127.3895
8.11
us
NEIC PDE
us
us100040rx
mb
4.1
us
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
5169161
2015-11-19T15:14:22
0.7685
127.2898
21.77
us
NEIC PDE
us
us100040nm
mb
4.1
us
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
5169495
2015-11-19T01:26:07
0.8965
127.3121
20.37
us
NEIC PDE
us
us100040n1
mb
4.2
us
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
10754454
2015-05-24T00:52:55
0.8024
127.278
0.0
IDC
ISC
ISC
607635544
mb
3.7
IDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
10291794
2014-06-07T01:13:08
0.8195
127.3112
0.0
IDC
ISC
ISC
606917550
mb
3.8
IDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
10265147
2014-05-30T00:31:54
0.7016
127.3367
121.8
ISC
ISC
ISC
604751363
mb
3.6
ISC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
9920688
2013-12-06T23:52:27
0.8902
127.3068
35.0
ISC
ISC
ISC
604006560
mb
3.7
ISC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
9244315
2013-05-13T11:57:36
0.7961
127.2406
0.0
IDC
ISC
ISC
606942435
mb
3.2
IDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
8928117
2012-12-02T13:52:27
0.8114
127.3173
164.2
ISC
ISC
ISC
602390355
mb
4.1
ISC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
4057281
2010-06-20T10:15:35
0.8293
127.3711
141.0
ISC
ISC
ISC
15636403
mb
3.6
ISC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
3831362
2009-10-04T15:11:05
0.7546
127.3908
0.0
IDC
ISC
ISC
17141550
mb
3.3
IDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
3777101
2009-08-08T12:25:54
0.8261
127.3482
0.0
IDC
ISC
ISC
16103608
mb
3.6
IDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
3715548
2009-06-04T14:38:00
0.877
127.3464
0.0
IDC
ISC
ISC
16100951
mb
3.3
IDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
2602465
2007-10-22T15:20:26
0.7944
127.3217
0.0
IDC
ISC
ISC
13247381
mb
3.6
IDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
2409185
2007-05-03T03:22:01
0.8057
127.3557
0.0
IDC
ISC
ISC
12646574
mb
3.6
IDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
2495525
2007-02-26T03:03:11
0.8203
127.2585
0.0
IDC
ISC
ISC
11510166
mb
3.6
IDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
2442620
2007-01-12T15:34:01
0.7626
127.2385
0.0
IDC
ISC
ISC
10384185
mb
3.3
IDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
2141521
2005-10-18T23:23:56
0.753
127.2654
33.0
ISC
ISC
ISC
8314890
mb
4.4
ISC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
1811392
2004-11-10T02:18:43
0.832
127.3335
33.0
ISC
ISC
ISC
7433669
mb
4.4
NEIC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
1646842
2003-12-11T08:20:01
0.7394
127.3183
0.0
IDC
ISC
ISC
7205082
mb
3.3
IDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
1531799
2003-04-12T13:23:34
0.7897
127.2619
0.0
IDC
ISC
ISC
6691766
mb
3.7
IDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
662492
1998-08-05T07:09:16
0.7541
127.244
0.0
EIDC
ISC
ISC
1174802
mb
3.8
EIDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
584226
1997-07-20T04:35:24
0.7402
127.3775
33.0
ISC
ISC
ISC
1037788
mb
3.8
ISC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
564716
1996-10-26T06:21:39
0.8
127.3
33.0
ISC
ISC
ISC
993790
mb
4.1
ISC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
515054
1996-08-10T14:35:41
0.74
127.3
0.0
EIDC
ISC
ISC
979941
mb
4.0
EIDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
488846
1996-04-17T11:01:10
0.88
127.36
0.0
EIDC
ISC
ISC
959385
mb
3.6
EIDC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
404295
1994-11-20T14:29:04
0.8497
127.2886
116.5
ISC
ISC
ISC
142880
mb
5.0
NEIC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
406326
1994-10-14T03:34:27
0.7929
127.4164
33.0
ISC
ISC
ISC
149653
mb
5.4
ISC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
3158857
1990-08-22T22:32:25
0.7473
127.3256
223.4
ISC
ISC
ISC
360341
mb
5.2
NEIC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
2809903
1990-02-20T11:07:52
0.876
127.3312
194.4
ISC
ISC
ISC
379139
mb
5.1
NEIC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
2991445
1985-07-03T01:20:37
0.8576
127.4058
152.1
ISC
ISC
ISC
519438
mb
4.8
NEIC
HALMAHERA, INDONESIA