Chirpoi Island contains a half dozen volcanic edifices constructed within an 8-9 km wide, partially submerged caldera. This view from the east shows Snow volcano (left), symmetrical Cherny volcano (center), and eroded Chirpoi volcano (right). Cherny volcano, capped by a well-preserved crater, has erupted twice during the 18th and 19th centuries. Snow volcano originated between 1770 and 1810. It is composed almost entirely of lava flows, some of which form the shoreline in the foreground. Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).